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Landslide & Slope
Instability Geohazards: Classification Schemes - Hutchinson |
Hutchinson, J. N. 1988. General
Report: Morphological and geotechnical
parameters of landslides in relation to geology
and hydrogeology. Proceedings, Fifth
International Symposium on Landslides (Ed:
Bonnard, C.), 1, 3-35. Rotterdam: Balkema
Hutchinson’s classification of mass movements on slopes
(1968a);
CREEP |
(1) Shallow, predominantly
seasonal creep
(a) Soil creep
(b) Talus creep
(2) Deep-seated continuous
creep; mass creep
(3) Progressive creep
|
FROZEN GROUND PHENOMENA |
(4) Freeze–thaw movements
(a) Solifluction
(b) Cambering and
valley-bulging
(c) Stone streams
(d) Rock glaciers
|
LANDSLIDES |
(5) Translational slides
(a) Rock slides; block
glides
(b) Slab, or flake slides
(c) Detritus, or debris
slides
(d) Mudflows
(i) Climatic mudflows
(ii) Volcanic mudflows
(e) Bog flows; bog bursts
(f) Flow failures
(i) Loess flows
(ii) Flow slides
(6) Rotational slips
(a) Single rotational
slips
(b) Multiple rotational
slips
(i) in stiff, fissured
clay
(ii) in soft,
extra-sensitive clays; clay flows
(c) Successive, or stepped
rotational slips
(7) Falls
(a) Stone and boulder
falls
(b) Rock and soil falls
(8) Sub-aqueous slides
(a) Flow slides
(b) Under-consolidated
clay slides
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Hutchinson’s (1988) classification (first two
levels only).
A |
Rebound
1 Movements associated
with man-made excavations
2 Movements associated
with naturally eroded valleys
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B |
Creep
1 Superficial,
predominantly seasonal creep; mantle creep
2 Deep-seated, continuous
creep; mass creep
3 Pre-failure creep;
progressive creep
4 Post-failure creep
|
C |
Sagging of
mountain slopes
1 Single-sided sagging
associated with the initial stages of landsliding
2 Double-sided sagging,
associated with the initial stages of double landsliding,
leading to ridge spreading
3 Sagging associated with
multiple toppling
|
D |
Landslides
1 Confined failures
2 Rotational slips
3 Compound failures
(markedly non-circular, with listric or bi-planar slip)
4 Translational slides
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E |
Debris movements
of flow-like form
1 Mudslides (non-periglacial)
2 Periglacial mudslides (gelifluction
of clays)
3 Flow slides
4 Debris flows, very to
extremely rapid flows of wet debris
5 Sturzstroms, extremely
rapid flows of dry debris
|
F |
Topples
1 Topples bounded by
pre-existing discontinuities
2 Topples released by
tension failure at rear of mass
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G |
Falls
1 Primary, involving fresh
detachment of material; rock and soil falls
2 Secondary, involving
loose material, detached earlier; stone falls
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H |
Complex slope
movements
1 Cambering and
valley-bulging
2 Block-type slope
movements
3 Abandoned clay cliffs
4 Landslides breaking down
into mudslides or flows at the toe
5 Slides caused by seepage
erosion
6 Multi-tiered slides
7 Multi-storeyed slides
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