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Landslides & Slope Instability


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Subsidence & Collapse Hazard


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Seismic Hazard


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Flood Hazard


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Tsunami Hazard


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Volcanic Hazard


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Gas Hazard


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Fault Reactivation Hazard


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Landslide & Slope Instability Geohazards: Classification Schemes - Hutchinson

Hutchinson, J. N. 1988. General Report: Morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. Proceedings, Fifth International Symposium on Landslides (Ed: Bonnard, C.), 1, 3-35. Rotterdam: Balkema

 

Hutchinson’s classification of mass movements on slopes (1968a);

CREEP

(1) Shallow, predominantly seasonal creep

(a) Soil creep

(b) Talus creep

(2) Deep-seated continuous creep; mass creep

(3) Progressive creep

 

FROZEN GROUND PHENOMENA

 

(4) Freeze–thaw movements

(a) Solifluction

(b) Cambering and valley-bulging

(c) Stone streams

(d) Rock glaciers

LANDSLIDES

 

(5) Translational slides

(a) Rock slides; block glides

(b) Slab, or flake slides

(c) Detritus, or debris slides

(d) Mudflows

(i) Climatic mudflows

(ii) Volcanic mudflows

(e) Bog flows; bog bursts

(f) Flow failures

(i) Loess flows

(ii) Flow slides

(6) Rotational slips

(a) Single rotational slips

(b) Multiple rotational slips

(i) in stiff, fissured clay

(ii) in soft, extra-sensitive clays; clay flows

(c) Successive, or stepped rotational slips

(7) Falls

(a) Stone and boulder falls

(b) Rock and soil falls

(8) Sub-aqueous slides

(a) Flow slides

(b) Under-consolidated clay slides

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Hutchinson’s (1988) classification (first two levels only).

A

Rebound

1 Movements associated with man-made excavations

2 Movements associated with naturally eroded valleys

B

Creep

1 Superficial, predominantly seasonal creep; mantle creep

2 Deep-seated, continuous creep; mass creep

3 Pre-failure creep; progressive creep

4 Post-failure creep

C

Sagging of mountain slopes

1 Single-sided sagging associated with the initial stages of landsliding

2 Double-sided sagging, associated with the initial stages of double landsliding, leading to ridge spreading

3 Sagging associated with multiple toppling

D

Landslides

1 Confined failures

2 Rotational slips

3 Compound failures (markedly non-circular, with listric or bi-planar slip)

4 Translational slides

E

Debris movements of flow-like form

1 Mudslides (non-periglacial)

2 Periglacial mudslides (gelifluction of clays)

3 Flow slides

4 Debris flows, very to extremely rapid flows of wet debris

5 Sturzstroms, extremely rapid flows of dry debris

F

Topples

1 Topples bounded by pre-existing discontinuities

2 Topples released by tension failure at rear of mass

G

Falls

1 Primary, involving fresh detachment of material; rock and soil falls

2 Secondary, involving loose material, detached earlier; stone falls

H

Complex slope movements

1 Cambering and valley-bulging

2 Block-type slope movements

3 Abandoned clay cliffs

4 Landslides breaking down into mudslides or flows at the toe

5 Slides caused by seepage erosion

6 Multi-tiered slides

7 Multi-storeyed slides

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Engineering Group Working Party on Geological Hazards